Why the Toddler Years Matter So Much for Brain Development

If you have a toddler, you’ve witnessed firsthand how incredibly active they are and how fast they learn! So many amazing milestones are reached during the toddler years — from walking to talking to using their fingers to eat.

Toddlers can be larger than life. With their big feelings, bigger tantrums, and daily skill acquisition — you may be marveling at all the new things they’re learning and doing.

Every day is different with a toddler. And it’s in part because their brains are so incredibly malleable and developing at a wildly rapid pace.

So what’s going on inside that genius little mind of theirs?

How Does Your Toddler’s Brain Work?

You’ve probably heard that children’s brains have more neuroplasticity than adult brains. What’s neuroplasticity? The brain’s ability to change or rewire itself after experiences.(1)

Two-year-olds have twice as many synapses or connections between neurons than adults do. (2) Synapses are where neurons (or brain cells) communicate. The neural pathways that are used regularly become well-established, while the ones that aren’t are lost.

We either ‘use it or we lose it’.

What does this mean in practical terms?

Brain development is all about forming connections.(2) Your toddler’s brain is shaped by his or her experiences. So singing familiar songs, letting your toddler play, practice their skills, and engage with you and others is a vital part of their development.

This is why you’re encouraged to read to your toddler every single day. Even if you’re reading the same short books over and over again, you’re encouraging those neural pathways to strengthen.

A Critical Period in Brain Development

Children’s brains develop in what are called “critical periods”(2) and “sensitive periods” which are essentially windows of time in which their brain plasticity is maximized.(3) Critical periods happen between age 2 and 7 and again in adolescence.(2) During critical periods, synapses can form or strengthen more easily.

This is why it’s easier for children to learn things when they’re young, like learning to speak a foreign language.

The sensitive period for learning to speak a foreign language like a native speaker is from age 0 to 12.(4) Of course you can still learn to speak a new language after age 12. But it will be harder and require more effort because the critical and sensitive periods will have already closed.(4)

Over time, pruning occurs. The connections that don’t get used get discarded. As we age, our brain wiring becomes harder to change.(5) Just like the old adage says, “You can’t teach an old dog new tricks.” It’s not impossible, but we tend to get stuck in our ways — quite literally.

 

Help Your Child Cultivate Emotional Intelligence and a Growth Mindset… Eventually

Your toddler is learning something new every single day — be it from you, another caregiver in her life, or just from the wide world she’s interacting with. Her brain is like a sponge, taking in new words, faces, and places. She’s learning to sing songs, identify pictures, and how her toys work. It can be quite surprising when your toddler shows off a new skill or says a new word she overheard!

And as a parent or caregiver, you are a tremendous resource, teacher, and model for desirable behavior.

Here are 3 ways you can help your toddler’s brain develop:

1.   Name Feelings Together

Children learn emotional intelligence from the adults who model it for them. And naming feelings is hugely important in helping your child understand his or her emotional landscape and internal world.

Let’s say your child is struggling with jealousy over the birth of her baby sister. You could say, ‘Your new baby sister is getting a lot of attention from your dad and I. I bet that makes you feel a little jealous and maybe even sad.’ Naming and acknowledging your toddler’s feelings — even the more “negative” or “less-desirable” ones — can help her feel understood. It can also help her feel more receptive to being comforted when she’s upset.(5) Rather than brushing her feelings off as insignificant, you’re teaching her what it is she’s feeling. You’re letting her know it has a name.

It may also be helpful to share a time when you were a child and experienced similar emotions. This helps your toddler learn that these big feelings are okay to have and won’t last forever.

2.   Praise Their Process

Did you know there’s a difference between praising outcome and praising effort?

Research shows that when you praise the process and effort a toddler is putting into a task rather than just the outcome of the task itself — your toddler is more likely to have a growth mindset five years down the line.(5)

Let’s say your toddler is playing with nesting cups. You could praise intelligence — ‘You did it! You’re so smart!’

You could swoop in when things get tough — not allowing them to work things out for themselves, even if they’re age appropriate — undermining your child’s independence and sense of competence.

Or you could praise the process — ‘You stuck with this even though it was tricky at times. I like how you kept trying.’

Praising process teaches your child that it’s okay to fail. And it’s okay to make mistakes. And it’s okay to try again. Maybe your toddler loves the responsibility of feeding the family cat. But sometimes, more of the cat’s kibble gets on the floor than in the bowl. You could offer praise by saying, ‘Scooping the cat food without spilling is tough! But I love how you’re trying.’

This type of praise not only has an impact on their developing brain but will help cultivate a growth mindset when they’re older.(5)

3.   Study Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Toddlers are fascinating little beings. And Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development provides a great framework for understanding just that — how their brain is developing.

If you’re not familiar with it, Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development can be a very helpful tool. You’ll gain insight into how your child learns, processes, and engages with the world. When you understand things from their point of view, you can embrace the parenting journey with even wider arms.

According to Piaget’s Theory, toddlers are in the preoperational stage of development. There are 8 important features within this stage that I go over in detail on this podcast episode. I cover things like why the animated film Toy Story is such a hit with kids, whether imaginary friends are “normal” or cause for concern, and why your toddler will play next to her little friend, but struggles to actually engage with her.

Interested in Learning More?

Check out the podcast episode on toddler brain development! You’ll get a deeper look at the topics covered in this blog and much more. Tune in to gain insight into why your 3-year-old might be afraid of the bathtub drain or think her shoe is “mad at her.”

Equip yourself with knowledge and tools to help your child thrive. And be sure to subscribe to the Genius Little Minds podcast so you never miss an episode!

References

1. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-brain-plasticity-2794886

2. https://www.edutopia.org/article/why-ages-2-7-matter-so-much-brain-development

3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32958196/

4. https://vachildcare.com/the-critical-vs-sensitive-periods-of-brain-development/

5. https://therapyworks.com/blog/language-development/home-tips/growth-mindset/

6. Raising an Emotionally Intelligent Child: The Heart of Parenting, John Gottman, Simon & Schuster.

Toddler Development: Independence, Exploration, and Tantrums, Oh My! Your Energetic 19 to 24 Month Old

Your baby is more than a year and a half old now, and boy does she have a lot to say! As your toddler’s vocabulary continues to grow, so does her confidence. You may find her testing limits, exerting her independence, and strutting her stuff everywhere she goes!

Between 19 and 24 months, you’ll notice your child is going through so many amazing changes. The chubby baby you know and love is growing up so fast! She’s gaining muscle, a more defined jawline, and getting both taller and leaner.

As she’s mastering skills like walking, running and climbing stairs, her personality is also developing. Soon it will become more obvious if you have a daredevil or more careful child on your hands. One thing’s for sure–your toddler will keep you on your toes as she engages in pretend play, feels big emotions, and continues exploring the wide world.

Toddler Development: Your Toddler From 19 to 24 months

Exciting New Movements

Toddlers have so much energy–and by now you’re probably used to chasing after them! As your toddler gets more confident walking, he’ll use his hands less and less for balance and even break into a run at times!(1) When running, it can be hard for your toddler to stop or make turns, so he might take a tumble to the ground once in a while.(3) He may also discover he can stand on tiptoe to look for things out of reach.(4) Overtime, he’ll learn to kick a ball and throw one underarm.(11) Every tactile discovery feels exciting and new as he grows into his body each day!

Expanding Vocabulary

By 21 months, your toddler will be able to use around 50 words!(4) And by 24 months, they’ll be able to use two word phrases and simple pronouns like “me, my, you.”(4) They’ll start to pick up new words all the time, often echoing the words you say.(3) You may be singing “Head, Shoulders, Knees and Toes” to teach your toddler anatomy. By 21 months they’ll be able to identify 3-5 body parts when asked.(4) Reading with your toddler may also become more fun as they more readily identify objects in their picture books.(4) But you also may find they want you to read the same story to them… over and over and over!(5) They know what they like and want to have it… all the time!

Tantrums are Normal

Your toddler is learning to regulate their emotions and communicate their needs and desires.(6) But it takes time to master these skills. When a young child is frustrated with herself and her limitations or is angry she can’t get her way, a tantrum is likely to ensue.(7) While they can be embarrassing for parents, tantrums are a normal part of toddler development. 

Toddler Development: Milestones From 19 to 24 months

While every child develops at their own pace, here are some things your child will likely do by the time they’re 24 months old:

Social/Emotional Checklist (2)

• Can tell when someone is upset or hurt. For example, pauses or looks sad when they see someone crying

• Turns to you to see how to respond in an unfamiliar situation

• Says “no”(3)

• Has trouble waiting for things and wants them right now(3)

• Engages mainly in parallel play, but begins showing an interest in including other children and playing together(8)

Language/Communication Checklist(2)

• Strings at least two words together to form a short sentence, like, “more please”

• Able to point to known objects or things when asked

• Uses gestures beyond just pointing or waving

• Can identify at least two body parts when asked

• Follows simple directions(8)

Movement and Physical Development Checklist(2)

• Can kick a ball

• Walks upstairs with or without help

• Runs (but stopping or turning can be difficult)(3)

• Can take a few steps backward(3)

• Uses a spoon to eat

• Opens cabinets, boxes, and drawers(3)

• Can stack 2 to 4 blocks(3)

Cognitive Checklist(2)

• Able to play with multiple toys at a time, like serving tea to a teddy bear

• Uses switches, buttons, and knobs on toys

• Can hold something in one hand while using the other (like when holding a cup and removing the lid)

• Says “please” and “thank you” when prompted(3)

What You Can Do to Encourage Healthy Development in Your 19 to 24 Month Old

Encourage Pretend Play

Pretend play will emerge at this age, and it’s so fun to witness! Your toddler may pretend to cook a meal or sail the high seas in a cardboard ship. Make space for your child to play both near you—they gain the confidence to explore and try new things, knowing you’re close by—and with other children.(9) Sharing and taking turns will still be hard at this age—so don’t think you’re raising a selfish child!(9) Toddlers just tend to think everything is theirs and are reluctant to share.

Have Conversations and Respond in Full Sentences

Now that your toddler knows a handful of words, you can encourage conversation by listening and replying when they speak to you.(9) If your child says, “Mama, ball” you could reply by saying, “Would you like to play with your red ball?” By doing this, you’re exposing your child to more words, helping expand her vocabulary and giving context to her requests.

Encourage Problem Solving

Give your toddler space to learn and problem solve. Model curiosity and questioning when something doesn’t work out. For example, if your toddler is trying to put shapes in their corresponding holes and it’s not working out, you can ask, “Does the triangle have round edges?”(1)

Make Time for Skill Building

It can feel hard to let your toddler do things on their own when you know it would be faster if you did it for them. But stepping in can rob your child of the opportunity to learn and grow! Try to build time into your day to allow for your toddler to build everyday skills and develop their independence. Let them take off their own shoes or use a spoon to feed themselves. It may take longer, but you’re giving them the opportunity to engage their brain (as well as their large and small muscle groups).(9)

Model Emotional Regulation

Sometimes, your toddler will try to do something and they’ll fail. And tears will likely ensue. They’ll want to drive their toy truck under the bridge (coffee table) but the bridge is too low. And they’ll have a meltdown over it. Empathize with your toddler and their big feelings. Validate their frustration, be patient, and explain what they’re experiencing. You could say, “You’re feeling frustrated because the truck doesn’t fit under the table.” And give them an opportunity to choose again. “Would you like to drive the small car under the table instead?”

Every Stage Comes with Joys and Challenges

Each step of the way, you have the opportunity to help your child learn and grow. Subscribe to my newsletter for more helpful parenting tips, and don’t miss the other blogs in the infant and early childhood development series!

References

1. https://www.pampers.com/en-us/toddler/development/article/20-month-old

2. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-2yr.html

3. https://edn.ne.gov/cms/developmental-milestones-19-through-24-months

4. https://pathways.org/growth-development/19-24-months/milestones/

5. http://www.theparentline.org/infant-toddler-development/19-21-months/

6. https://www.thebump.com/toddler-month-by-month/19-month-old

7. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/tantrum/art-20047845

8. https://www.whattoexpect.com/milestones/19-24-months/

9. https://raisingchildren.net.au/toddlers/development/development-tracker-1-3-years/18-24-months

10. https://www.parentingforbrain.com/self-regulation-toddler-temper-tantrums/

11. https://www.babycentre.co.uk/a6472/milestone-chart-19-to-24-months

Toddler Development: They're Getting into Everything! Your Curious 16 to 18 Month Old

Toddler Development: Your Toddler From 16 to 18 Months

Your little one sure is keeping you on your toes with all the walking, talking, climbing and playing at this age. And you may feel like you have a shadow everywhere you turn because your toddler can’t get enough of you and the exciting world around them!

Now that they’re mobile and on the go, their personality will start to shine. You may notice you have a chatty child or a quiet observer. Whatever you do or say, you’ll likely have a mini who wants to copy everything you do!

Developing Language Skills

By this time, most toddlers are saying at least three words, and some may even know up to fifteen.(1) Their language skills may still sound like gibberish—but you’ll learn to identify what they’re trying to say over time. And you’ll notice they’ll start to string two words together based on associations to form short sentences. If you go to a park, for example, you might hear your toddler say, “Play ball!” to express what they want to do.(1)

Constantly in Motion

You’ve probably noticed your toddler is always in motion! Now that he can walk without holding onto anyone or anything, the world is his oyster! Running, dancing, walking backwards, and climbing are ways your child may assert his independence and expend his energy.(2) If your child likes to climb on things, double-check your home’s childproofing systems to keep your active toddler safe.(2)

Discovering Independence

As your toddler develops language skills, you may find you have a bossy child on your hands! Hearing them say “no!” is common at this age as they are learning to assert their independence and preferences. (1) It may feel tiresome, and you may start to wonder if you have a tiny teenager on your hands! But small acts of defiance or rebellion are normal in toddlerhood.

Toddler Development: Milestones From 16 to 18 Months

While every child develops differently, there are a few milestones to look out for at this age.

Here are some things your child will likely do by the time they’re 18 months old:

Social/Emotional Checklist(3)

• Points at something interesting to show it to you

• Extends their hands for you to wash them

• Asserts independence but makes sure you’re still nearby

• Looks at short books with you, shows an interest in pictures(4)

• LIfts up a foot or puts an arm through a sleeve to get dressed

Language/Communication Checklist(3)

• Can say 3 or more words aside from “mama” or “dada”

• Understands up to 50 words(4)

• Points to familiar people or objects in pictures(4)

• Can follow simple, one-step directions (even if they’re not accompanied by a gesture)

• Repeats words they overhear in conversation(4)

• Shakes head yes/no in response to simple questions(4)

Movement and Physical Development Checklist(3)

• Scribbles with markers, pens, pencils, etc.

• Uses fingers to feed herself

• Uses a cup without a lid (spilling sometimes to be expected)

• Attempts to use a spoon

• Walks unassisted (and seldom falls)(4)

• Climbs on things without help (like a couch or chair)

• Can squat to pick up a toy(4)

Cognitive Checklist(3)

• Can play with simple toys (like pushing a toy truck)

• Will copy your actions (like sweeping with a toy broom as you clean)

What You Can Do to Encourage Healthy Development in Your 16 to 18 Month Old


Encourage Play with Other Children

If you’re worried you’re raising a self-centered child who can’t share, don’t fret—thinking the world revolves around him is a normal part of your toddler’s development. It’s okay that he doesn’t quite understand the concept of empathy yet or know that people have feelings or thoughts that differ from his own. Let your toddler engage in parallel play, or the type of play that happens side by side with other children. Over time, he’ll acquire the skills to play well with other children his age. Offer toy options during playdates. Consider hiding favorite toys to minimize possessiveness that may inspire hitting or biting.(5)

Model Sharing (But Understand When They Don’t Want To)

Sharing probably won’t come naturally to your 18-month-old, and that’s okay. Try to model good behavior and demonstrate what sharing looks like. The concept of sharing will become easier as your child develops, but don’t rush it. Accept that parallel play is more developmentally appropriate for this age.(8) Your child probably won’t fully understand what sharing means until they’re 3 or 4 years old.(10)

Set and Enforce Boundaries (But Avoid Saying ‘No!”)

It’s natural for your toddler to want to get into everything. At this age, they’re curious about the wide world around them! But your number one priority is keeping your child safe. So even though he may object, boundaries are necessary in accomplishing that. You can narrate boundaries as you’re enforcing them. Try saying things like, “You want to be barefoot, but you need to wear sneakers at the playground.” Or, “You want to have dessert now, but your body needs a healthy dinner first.”(6) Reserve a strong “no!” for when your child is in danger or hurting others—hitting or biting another child, for example.(7) This will make it more likely that they listen to you than if you say “no” frequently.(7)

Continue to Narrate Your Day

You’re probably already used to narrating your day as a way to develop your child’s vocabulary. Keep it up! Your toddler understands a surprising amount of what you say. And the more language you expose him to, the more new words he learns! Research shows that children who are spoken to more often process and understand words at a faster rate than children who are spoken to less.(7) If you regularly point out dogs when you’re on a walk with your toddler, for example, it will be easier for him to learn the word “leash” when you say, “Look at the dog on the leash.” This is because some of the words are already familiar to him.(7)

Sing Together

Did you know rhyming songs like “Humpty Dumpty” actually have a purpose? Singing rhymes together or reciting simple poems can help your toddler understand that certain sounds, words, or letters go together. (5) What great preparation for learning to read! And if your child mispronounces a word, repeat the word with the correct pronunciation so they can hear it—and try pronouncing it—again.(7)

Do a Safety Check

18-month-olds are frequently on the move and curious about everything. Avoid toys with small parts or magnets as those pose serious hazards to children. Keep baby gates up. Teach your child how to safely get down the stairs when accompanied. Be cognizant that your child may be learning how to open doors or baby gates. If you have a pool, make sure your toddler can’t get to it to avoid a tragedy. Consider signing up your toddler for swimming lessons, too.(9) While not a substitute for adult supervision, it’s a great way to introduce water safety skills. It also encourages parents and children to have fun in the water together.(9)

Embrace Every Stage

Support your child through all stages of development! To read more blogs like this with helpful parenting tips, subscribe to my newsletter!

You can also check out the other blogs in the infant and early childhood development series for more information on how to help your child grow and learn at different stages.

References

1. https://www.scarymommy.com/your-16-18-month-old-toddler

2. https://www.thebump.com/toddler-month-by-month/16-month-old

3. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-18mo.html

4. https://pathways.org/growth-development/13-18-months/milestones/

5. https://www.pampers.com/en-us/toddler/development/article/16-month-old

6. https://centerforparentingeducation.org/library-of-articles/child-development/way-children/

7. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/18/parenting/milestones/your-18-month-old.html

8. http://www.theparentline.org/infant-toddler-development/16-18-months/

9. https://www.whattoexpect.com/toddler/16-month-old.aspx

10. https://www.greatkidsinc.org/sharing-is-caringand-a-developmental-milestone/

Toddler Development: The Amazing Things Your 13 to 15 Month Old Can Do!

Toddler Development: Your Toddler From 13 to 15 Months

 
You made it through your baby’s first year! Way to go. Give yourself a pat on the back and kick up your feet.  

Don’t take a rest for too long, though — you have a toddler now, and they’ll surely keep you on your toes!

You’re probably eagerly awaiting the day when your child takes their first unsupported steps — so grab the camera because between 13 and 15 months, that milestone will likely be reached, as well as many others.

Walking

All children develop at their own pace, but with toddlerhood comes the exciting milestone of learning to walk! Many children take their first independent steps around 14 months.(1) Before a baby can walk, they need the coordination and muscle strength to pull themselves up to a standing position and then stay standing, either by holding onto furniture or a caregiver.(2) Babies will pull themselves up to stand about 2 to 4 months before they take their first unsupported steps.(2)

When learning to walk, your toddler might fall down a lot! And that’s okay. Perfecting their strut doesn’t happen all at once, so prepare for your baby to fall down or start and stop frequently as they’re learning.(3)

Talking

By this age, your toddler may be able to say two to four words.(6) And you may start hearing them over and over again! (Though it might be “ba” for ball, not the full word yet!) Your toddler will also make lots of babbling sounds and respond to their name. As she learns more and more words, your toddler will learn what it means when you say things like, “Where is your truck?” And then she’ll go look for it. Songs and rhymes will also continue to delight your toddler. And even though she may not know the word for something, if she wants it, she’ll point to it to ask for it.(6)

Personality Grows as Your Toddler Discovers Her Independence

With toddlerhood comes an emerging personality! So your toddler will likely be pretty vocal about their likes and dislikes — and you can expect some tantrums to emerge at this age. Toddlers experience frustration because they aren’t able to adequately communicate how they feel or what they want from adults.(8) You can imagine how frustrating that must be! So try to exercise patience and be compassionate toward your toddler.

Some more fun parts of your toddler’s personality will start to emerge as well, like a sense of humor. Your child may start to find lots of things really funny! So enjoy the ups and downs of the journey and find the humor where you can, too.

As your little angel grows, so will her independence and sense of self.(9) You may even find your toddler tries to help you dress her by holding out an arm or leg as you do so.(9)

Toddler Development: Milestones From 13 to 15 Months

While every child develops differently, there are a few milestones to look out for at this age.

Here are some things your child will likely do when they’re between 13 to 15 months old:

Social/Emotional Checklist(7):

• Shows affection to parent or caregiver (hugs, kisses, cuddles)

• Hugs stuffed animals or dolls

• Claps hands together when excited

• Shows you something they like, such as a toy or object

• Copies other children during play

Language/Communication Checklist(7):

• Attempts to say words besides “mama” or “dada”

• Points to things as a way to ask for them or receive help

• Follows directions when they are given with a gesture and words

• Looks at/for a familiar object when you say its name

• Reaches for you when they want to be picked up(8)

Movement and Physical Development Checklist(7):

• Attempts to use things properly (like a phone)

• Stacks small objects, like blocks, two or more at a time

Cognitive Checklist(7):

• Feeds herself food by using her fingers

• Walks (at least a few steps) independently

What You Can Do to Encourage Healthy Development in Your 13 to 15 Month Old

Narrate Your Day

Even though your young toddler isn’t capable of having full blown conversations just yet, the more you talk to them, the more words they’ll be exposed to and encouraged to pick up. By talking to your toddler, you’re helping develop their language skills.(4) Generally toddlers understand more than what they can communicate on their own.(4)

Choose Toys Wisely

By this age, your toddler can pick things up with his finger and thumb.(6) So choose toys that help him develop his hand-eye coordination and motor skills.(3) (Puzzles with large pieces and vibrant colors are great for hand-eye coordination!) Avoid toys with small pieces as your toddler may try to put them in his mouth. Toys that encourage repetition and walking around (like push toys) can help with their development and show off those brand-new walking skills!

Have Playdates

By setting up playdates for your child, you’re giving him a change of scenery and a chance to practice his budding social skills.(10) Don’t be alarmed if your toddler is less than enthused about his new pal, however. He may grab a toy from his playdate or shove the other child out of the way to get something he wants.(10) This is because he hasn’t mastered the concept of empathy, yet!(10) But the chance to interact with and observe peers can still be useful (and you may enjoy getting some adult conversation in, too!).

Make Reading Part of Your Routine

Even babies get pleasure from books! By this age, your child can select the book they want you to read to them.(5) They’ll even be able to point to pictures they like.(5) So encourage your 13- to 15-month-old to participate in the bedtime reading routine. If there are animals in the book, make the sound the animal makes so your toddler can imitate you. When your child points to an image, name what they’re pointing to. They’ll be able to pay attention for at least a few minutes while you enjoy looking at a book together, so help them turn the pages and get reading!(5)

Every Stage is Full of Surprises

Support your child through all stages of development! To read more blogs like this with helpful parenting tips, subscribe to my newsletter!

You can also check out the other blogs in the infant and early childhood development series for more information on your child’s development and how to help them grow and learn! For more info on newborns to 6 month olds, click here. For 7 to 9 month olds, click here. And to learn about 10 to 12 month olds, click here. 

References

1. (2020, August). Geddes, J. When do babies start walking? What to Expect. https://www.whattoexpect.com/first-year/first-steps/

2. (2022, March). Dewar, G. When do babies start walking, and how does it develop? Parenting Science. https://parentingscience.com/when-do-babies-start-walking/

3. (2020, November). 13-month-old: toddlerhood has begun! Pampers. https://www.pampers.com/en-us/toddler/development/article/13-month-old?web_traffic_source=direct

4. (2019, October). St. Clair, M., Lloyd-Esenkaya, V. When should my child start speaking? The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/when-should-my-child-start-speaking-122579

5. (2013, March). How to share books with your 12- to 14-month-old. Healthy Children. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/toddler/Pages/How-to-Share-Books-with-Your-12-to-14-Month-Old.aspx?_gl=1*1drff11*_ga*MTA4NjE2NzAyOS4xNjUyMzA3OTY2*_ga_FD9D3XZVQQ*MTY1MjMwNzk2Ni4xLjEuMTY1MjMwODA5Ny4w&_ga=2.230413080.505984204.1652307967-1086167029.1652307966

6. Infant & Toddler Development. 13-15 Months. The Parent Line. http://www.theparentline.org/infant-toddler-development/13-15-months/

7. (2022, March). Important milestones: your baby by fifteen months. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-15mo.html

8. Toddler Month by Month: 13 Months. The Bump. https://www.thebump.com/toddler-month-by-month/13-month-old

9. Logan-Banks, P. Developmental milestones: self-care Baby Centre. https://www.babycentre.co.uk/a6503/developmental-milestones-self-care

10. (2022, March). Masters, M. 15-month-old child. What to Expect. https://www.whattoexpect.com/toddler/15-month-old.aspx